沼氣是利用糞便、農(nóng)作物秸稈等有機(jī)物在厭氧的條件下，經(jīng)過(guò)微生物生理代謝產(chǎn)生主要成分為CH4和CO2，還有少量的H2、H2S、CO等可燃性氣體，屬生物質(zhì)能源。開(kāi)展沼氣發(fā)酵的研究有著重大的意義和作用，本文沼氣脫硫設(shè)備廠家就沼氣發(fā)酵的影響因素進(jìn)行了探討。
Biogas is a kind of biomass energy, which utilizes feces, crop straw and other organic substances to produce CH4 and CO 2 through microbial physiological metabolism under anaerobic conditions. It also has a small amount of combustible gases such as H2S, CO and so on. The research on biogas fermentation is of great significance and function. In this paper, the influencing factors of biogas fermentation are discussed by the manufacturer of biogas desulfurization equipment.
1.溫度
1. Temperature
沼氣發(fā)酵可分為三個(gè)溫度范圍：50～65℃稱(chēng)高溫發(fā)酵，20～45℃稱(chēng)中溫發(fā)酵，20℃以下稱(chēng)低溫發(fā)酵。此外，隨自然溫度變化的發(fā)酵方式稱(chēng)常溫發(fā)酵。
Biogas fermentation can be divided into three temperature ranges: high-temperature fermentation at 50-65 degrees C, medium-temperature fermentation at 20-45 degrees C and low-temperature fermentation at 20 degrees C. In addition, the fermentation mode that changes with natural temperature is called normal temperature fermentation.
沼氣發(fā)酵受到溫度和溫度波動(dòng)的影響。在同一溫度類(lèi)型條件下，由于沼氣發(fā)酵微生物的代謝活動(dòng)隨著溫度的上升而增加，在一定的溫度范圍內(nèi)，溫度越高，發(fā)酵產(chǎn)氣速率越快；短時(shí)間內(nèi)若溫度波動(dòng)幅度過(guò)大時(shí)，可能導(dǎo)致停止產(chǎn)氣。
Biogas fermentation is affected by temperature and temperature fluctuation. Under the same temperature type, because the metabolic activity of biogas fermentation microorganisms increases with the increase of temperature, in a certain temperature range, the higher the temperature, the faster the fermentation gas production rate; if the temperature fluctuation is too large in a short time, it may lead to the cessation of gas production.
2.酸堿度（PH值）
2. Acidity and alkalinity (PH value)
通常沼氣池中的產(chǎn)甲烷細(xì)菌適宜的PH值范圍為6.5～7.8，PH值的變化會(huì)直接影響產(chǎn)甲烷菌的生存和代謝。一般情況下，沼氣池的PH值應(yīng)維持在6.8～7.5之間，好在7.2左右。
Usually, the suitable PH value of methanogens in biogas digesters ranges from 6.5 to 7.8. The change of PH value will directly affect the survival and metabolism of methanogens. In general, the PH value of biogas digester should be maintained between 6.8 and 7.5, preferably around 7.2.
pH值在5.5以下，產(chǎn)甲烷菌的活動(dòng)完全受到抑制，而pH值上升至8甚至8.5時(shí)，仍保持一定的產(chǎn)氣率。產(chǎn)酸菌的pH值范圍為4.0～7.0，在超過(guò)甲烷菌的佳pH值范圍，酸性發(fā)酵可能超過(guò)甲烷發(fā)酵，造成反應(yīng)器內(nèi)“酸化”現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。
When the pH value is below 5.5, the activity of methanogens is completely inhibited, while when the pH value rises to 8 or even 8.5, a certain gas production rate is maintained. The pH value of acid-producing bacteria ranges from 4.0 to 7.0. Acidification may occur in the reactor when acidic fermentation exceeds the optimum pH value of methanogens.
影響pH值變化的因素主要有以下幾點(diǎn)：一是發(fā)酵原料的pH值；二是在厭氧發(fā)酵啟動(dòng)時(shí)，投料濃度過(guò)高，接種物中的產(chǎn)甲烷菌數(shù)量不足，以及在消化器運(yùn)行階段突然升高負(fù)荷，都會(huì)因產(chǎn)酸與產(chǎn)甲烷的速度失調(diào)而引起揮發(fā)酸的積累，導(dǎo)致pH值下降，這往往是造成厭氧發(fā)酵啟動(dòng)失敗或終止的主要原因。
The main factors affecting the change of pH value are as follows: firstly, the pH value of fermentation raw materials; secondly, when anaerobic fermentation is started, excessive feed concentration, insufficient number of methanogens in inoculate, and sudden increase of load in digestion stage will cause the accumulation of volatile acid due to the imbalance of the speed of acid production and methanogenesis, resulting in the decrease of pH value, which often results in anaerobic fermentation. The main reasons for failure or termination of startup.
3.氧氣含量
3. Oxygen content
沼氣發(fā)酵啟動(dòng)和投料時(shí)帶入的一部分氧氣對(duì)沼氣發(fā)酵危害不大，不會(huì)破壞沼氣發(fā)酵的正常進(jìn)行。這是因?yàn)檎託獬刂写嬖谝徊糠趾醚蹙图嫘跃瑤氲难鯕夂芸鞎?huì)被不產(chǎn)甲烷細(xì)菌中的好氧菌或兼性菌消耗掉，使池內(nèi)保持厭氧環(huán)境，同時(shí)這一部分氧氣也使好氧菌、兼性菌與厭氧菌保持著動(dòng)態(tài)的平衡關(guān)系，但為了保持好的厭氧環(huán)境，發(fā)酵過(guò)程中必須不漏氣。
The oxygen brought in during the start-up and feeding of biogas fermentation is not harmful to the biogas fermentation and will not destroy the normal process of biogas fermentation. This is because there are some aerobic bacteria and facultative bacteria in the biogas digester. The oxygen brought in will soon be consumed by the aerobic bacteria or facultative bacteria in the methane-free bacteria, so that the anaerobic environment will be maintained in the digester. At the same time, this part of oxygen also keeps a dynamic balance between the aerobic bacteria, facultative bacteria and anaerobic bacteria. But in order to maintain a good anaerobic environment, no leakage must be found in the fermentation process.
4.沼氣發(fā)酵原料的碳氮比
4. C/N Ratio of Biogas Fermentation Materials
發(fā)酵原料的碳氮比（C/N），是指原料中有機(jī)碳含量和氮含量的比例關(guān)系。沼氣發(fā)酵微生物需要的一定的碳、氮、磷等營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，才能正常生長(zhǎng)和進(jìn)行生命活動(dòng)。碳元素為微生物生命活動(dòng)提供能量，是形成甲烷的重要物質(zhì)；氮元素也是構(gòu)成微生物細(xì)胞的主要元素。這三種營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素之間的比例，不論是好氧發(fā)酵還是沼氣發(fā)酵，氮與磷的比例是確定值，為5：1。碳與氮的比值則范圍較寬，以往的實(shí)踐認(rèn)為發(fā)酵原料的C/N以（13～30：1）為宜，大于30：1效果不佳，小于13：1還可正常發(fā)酵。但是，實(shí)際上以人糞便為主要原料（C/N=3.9：1）的沼氣池也能很好的運(yùn)行。所以，正常的沼氣發(fā)酵要求合適的碳氮比，但不嚴(yán)格，要重視沼氣池的啟動(dòng)和培養(yǎng)好相適應(yīng)的菌種，提高沼氣發(fā)酵細(xì)菌的適應(yīng)能力。
The C/N ratio of fermentation raw materials refers to the ratio of organic carbon content to nitrogen content in raw materials. Biogas fermentation microorganisms need certain nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus to grow normally and carry out life activities. Carbon provides energy for microbial life activities and is an important material for methane formation. Nitrogen is also the main element for microbial cells. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus, whether aerobic fermentation or biogas fermentation, is determined to be 5:1. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen is relatively wide. Previous practice considered that C/N of fermentation raw materials should be (13-30:1). The effect of more than 30:1 is not good. Fermentation can be normal if the ratio is less than 13:1. However, in fact, biogas digesters with human excrement as the main raw material (C/N=3.9:1) can also operate well. Therefore, normal biogas fermentation requires appropriate carbon-nitrogen ratio, but not strict. We should pay attention to the start-up of biogas digester and cultivate suitable strains to improve the adaptability of biogas fermentation bacteria.
5.沼氣發(fā)酵接種物
5. Biogas fermentation inoculum
沼氣發(fā)酵細(xì)菌的多少和質(zhì)量的高低直接影響沼氣發(fā)酵、產(chǎn)氣速率和沼氣的質(zhì)量。沼氣發(fā)酵能否快速啟動(dòng)與高質(zhì)量和大量的接種物有關(guān)。
The quantity and quality of biogas fermentation bacteria directly affect biogas fermentation, gas production rate and biogas quality. The rapid start-up of biogas fermentation is related to high quality and a large number of inoculants.
如果沼氣發(fā)酵啟動(dòng)時(shí)的接種物不夠，可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)啟動(dòng)緩慢，經(jīng)過(guò)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，產(chǎn)氣速率仍然較低的情況；接種物質(zhì)量較差，產(chǎn)甲烷細(xì)菌數(shù)量較少，活性較低，此時(shí)水解性細(xì)菌和產(chǎn)氫產(chǎn)酸細(xì)菌很快繁殖，而產(chǎn)甲烷細(xì)菌繁殖較慢，導(dǎo)致不產(chǎn)甲烷作用較快，產(chǎn)甲烷與不產(chǎn)甲烷過(guò)程的平衡失調(diào)，就可能造成有機(jī)酸的緩慢積累，發(fā)酵液pH值下降，沼氣池酸化，出現(xiàn)產(chǎn)氣慢和沼氣中甲烷含量低且質(zhì)量差的情況。
If the inoculum is not enough at the start of biogas fermentation, the start-up may be slow, and after a long time, the gas production rate is still low; the inoculum quality is poor, the number of methanogenic bacteria is small, and the activity is low. At this time, hydrolytic bacteria and hydrogen-producing acidogenic bacteria multiply quickly, while methanogenic bacteria multiply slowly, resulting in a faster non-methanogenic effect, and methanogenic and non-methanogenic effects. The imbalance of methane process may result in the slow accumulation of organic acids, the decrease of pH value of fermentation broth, the acidification of biogas digester, the slow production of gas and the low content and poor quality of methane in biogas.
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2019-06-19
